# Labelling observations in animate_xy

#### Claude and Di Cook

Labels can be added to individual observations in `animate_xy` via the `obs_labels` argument of `display_xy`. This is useful when you want to track specific points — outliers, known cases of interest, or a named subset — as they move through the tour.

## Basic usage

Pass a character vector of the same length as the number of rows in your data. Each element is the label that will be drawn next to the corresponding point. Turning axes off keeps the plot uncluttered when labels are present.

    animate_xy(flea[,1:6],
      obs_labels = as.character(1:nrow(flea)),
      axes = "off"
    )

Row numbers make a reasonable default label because they let you trace a point back to a specific row of your data frame.

Projection from a grand tour showing all the points labelled by row number.

## Labelling a subset of observations

Labelling every point can become hard to read in larger datasets. To label only a subset, supply an empty string `""` for the observations you want to leave unlabelled. Only the non-empty strings are drawn.

Here we label just the five most extreme outliers, identified in advance by their Mahalanobis distance:

    # Find the five points furthest from the multivariate centre
    d2    <- mahalanobis(flea[,1:6], colMeans(flea[,1:6]), cov(flea[,1:6]))
    top5  <- order(d2, decreasing = TRUE)[1:5]

    # Build a label vector: empty for most points, row number for the top 5
    lbls <- rep("", nrow(flea))
    lbls[top5] <- as.character(top5)

    animate_xy(flea[,1:6], obs_labels = lbls, axes="bottomleft")

Projection from a grand tour showing some of the points labelled by row number, furthest from the mean according to Mahalanobis distance.

## Combining labels with colour

Labels and the `col` argument work independently, so you can colour by group while still labelling individual points. A common workflow is to colour all observations by a grouping variable and then label only the few points you want to call out by name.

    # Colour by species; label only row 1 and row 22 (arbitrary examples)
    lbls <- rep("", nrow(flea))
    lbls[c(1, 22)] <- rownames(flea)[c(1, 22)]

    animate_xy(flea[,1:6],
      col       = flea$species,
      obs_labels = lbls,
      axes      = "bottomleft"
    )

Projection from a grand tour showing two points labelled by row number.

## Saving a labelled tour to a GIF

Interactive use is fine for exploration, but if you want to share a labelled tour you can render it to a GIF with `render_gif`. The `frames` argument controls how many frames are captured before the file is written; `width` and `height` are in pixels.

    lbls <- rep("", nrow(f))
    lbls[c(1, 22)] <- rownames(flea)[c(1, 22)]

    render_gif(
      flea[,1:6],
      tour_path = grand_tour(),
      display   = display_xy(
        col        = flea$species,
        obs_labels = labs,
        axes       = "bottomleft"
      ),
      gif_file = "labelled_tour.gif",
      frames   = 60,
      width    = 400,
      height   = 400
    )

## A note on label placement

Labels are drawn by the underlying call to `text()` in base graphics, positioned directly at each point’s projected coordinates. In dense regions of a projection labels will overlap, which is expected — as the tour rotates, points separate and the labels become readable in turn. If overlap is a persistent problem, consider labelling a smaller subset or reducing `cex` via the `...` passthrough:

    animate_xy(flea[,1:6],
      obs_labels = as.character(1:nrow(f)),
      axes = "off",
      cex  = 0.6
    )